Leslie Bills

Leslie Bills
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Jul 09, 2019 at 4:33 PM

Heart Attack (Congestive Heart Failure)
[Index, Links, Images, Video, Video/What happens; Video/Heart Disease and Heart Attacks; 3D Animation, Papers, Patents, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon, The Heart Scan Blog; Amyloidosis, Angina, Arjuna, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Atherosclerotic Plaque, Cardiology, Cardiovascular Disease, Cholesterol, C-reactive protein, Fats, Fibrinogen, Fibrolytic Proteases, Hawthorn, Homocysteine, Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries, LDL Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation, Lycopene, Magnesium, Nattokinase, Oats, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Serrapeptase, Smoking, Taurine, Thrombolytic Drugs, Uric Acid, Vascular Diseases, Vitamin D, Vitamin K2; Anemia anemia[1]] [73].

Cigarette smoking [Essay/Smoking, Index] is often seen in connection with heart attack. Smoking a pack of cigarettes a day more than doubles the risk of heart attack. The heart attack usually takes place when a blood clot forms in a small cardiac vessel feeding heart muscle narrowed by atherosclerotic plaque, typically after a piece of plaque breaks off in the progressively narrowing artery, jamming it and clotting up with an embolism after floating downstream. Myocardial infarction follows, killing heart cells near the artery deprived of oxygen.

Aspirin is recommended immediately to thin the blood and break up the clot. A more effective clot-busting injection may be used. Anticlotting agents and other blood thinners such as nitroglycerin may be taken. Fancy anticoagulants including warfarin (calcifies soft tissues like a sneak attack on warheads), heparins, fondaparinux or dabigatran work by blocking vitamin K1 or inactivating other clotting factors in the blood. See Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors and Thrombolytic Drugs. Antiplatelet thromboxane blockers such as aspirin, EPA and DHA from fish oil, dipyridamole, ticlopidine and clopidogrel prevent clotting by preventing thromboxane from rounding up clotting cells in the blood. Foods and nutraceuticals with blood-thinning effect [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF] (usually platelet aggregation inhibitors) include alfalfa, avocado, beer, bilberry, More…color="#0066cc">cat's claw, celery, coQ10, cranberries, fish oil, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng, grapefruit, green tea, horse chestnut, licorice, magnesium, niacin, onion, papaya, pomegranate, soybean, St. John’s wort, turmeric, and wheatgrass.

A cardiac stent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF; survival] may be inserted by a surgeon in the vessel to widen the passage narrowed by atherosclerotic plaque. This is sometimes done to relieve the pain associated with Angina Pectoris [Encyclopedia] from plaque-narrowed vessels. Today, one uses a fibrolytic protease such as serrapeptase used by silkworms to devour their coccoons to wipe out atherosclerotic plaque, or perhaps nattokinase, also a fibrolytic protease used to treat amyloidosis plaques.

Perhaps ibuprofen may be used to reduce heart attack pain.

See Hypertension: For age greater than 50 years, hypertension exists when the systolic blood pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg or when the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 mm Hg, that is, when blood pressure is more than 140/90 mmHg. Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. See Wikipedia for standard medical treatments for hypertension and Links/hypertension treatment. Drugs typically used in medicine to treat hypertension include: Thiazide diuretics "water pills" to reduce blood volume, for age 80 or more perhaps indapamide (Lozol); Beta blockers to reduce the workload on the heart and open blood vessels, causing the heart to beat slower and with less force; Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to help relax blood vessels; Angiotensin II receptor blockers to relax blood vessels; Calcium channel blockers to relax the muscles of the blood vessels; Renin inhibitors such as Aliskiren (Tekturna), which slows down the production of renin, a kidney enzyme that increases blood pressure. Medicine for further therapy includes Alpha blockers to reduce nerve impulses to blood vessels, Alpha-beta blockers to slow the heartbeat in order to reduce the amount of blood that must be pumped through the vessels, Central-acting agents that prevent the brain from signaling to increase heart rate and narrow your blood vessels, and Vasodilators [Index]. From the section on Helicases: Hypertension may be alleviated by supplementation with magnesium or taurine.

Optimal Cardiac Defense
EPA (Eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) found in fish oil suppress key proinflammatory cellular signaling molecules, including:

(1) Interleukin 1-beta, targeted by DHA, upregulates the expression of adhesion factors in endothelial cells contributing to atherosclerosis. It is in the optimal range when IL-1-beta < 2.9 pg/mL.
(2) Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme involved in prostaglandin production targeted by DHA and EPA, contributes to chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease. COX-2 inhibitors include ibupofen and ginger and prescription drugs like Vioxx. Oleocanthol from extra virgin olive oil inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 cyclooxygenases. However, inhibiting COX-2 enzymes can elevate levels of thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4, so that continued use of COX-2 inhibitors may be dangerous.
(3) Leukotriene B4 (synthesized from arachidonic acid and 5-lipooxygenase) and displaced from cells by DHA, induces vascular adhesion and inflammation of arterial and cardiac tissues.
(4) TNF-alpha contributes to systemic inflammation (blunted by DHA and EPA) and stimulates the production of the vasoconstrictive endothelin-1, which can induce high blood pressure and long-term vascular damage. TNF-alpha concentrations should satisfy < 8.1 pg/mL. See vasodilators and TNF-alpha inhibitors.
(5) Thromboxane (synthesized from omega-6 fatty acids [Index]) elevates blood pressure and is involved in blood clot formation, which may lead to fatal clots. Thomboxane activity is suppressed by EPA and DHA.

"People with total omega-3 levels above 6.1% in their blood had a compelling 90% reduction in risk of sudden cardiac death [Images] compared to those whose omega-3s were 4.3% or less of their fatty acids." A 70% reduction in risk of death from heart attack [Images] was observed for people with EPA and DHA values of 4.6% or greater, when compared with those whose total values were less than 3.5%. 2000 mg to 4000 mg of fish oil per day may be required to obtain optimal cardiac defense [Papers, Patents, Books]. (See Julius Goepp, MD, "Optimize Your Omega-3 Status", Life Extension Magazine, May 2010). "Congestive heart failure responds favorably to taurine therapy." (Life Extension, Taurine), [36s] (k). In physical therapy, 3-5 grams of taurine [Encyclopedia, Images] is taken 30 minutes before exercise (9) and again just after.

Hawthorn extracts at 80 mg - 180 mg twice daily, and Arjuna bark powder at 500 mg every 8 hours are useful in preventing and reversing heart failures. Hawthorn extracts are termed cardiotonic because of their ability to improve heart muscle tone. Hawthorn extracts can improve coronary blood flow up to 70% and prevent ischemia-reperfusion injuries, reducing mortality rate in cardiac ischemia. Hawthorn extract substantially reduces arrhythmias that may follow or accompany ischemia and reperfusion, and pre-treatment prior to ischemia-reperfusion very substantially reduces the prevalence of deadly cardiac arrhythmias [Papers, Patents, Books] manifesting themselves as ventricular fillibration [Papers, Patents, Books] and heart flutter [Papers, Patents, Books].

Arjuna extracts [Encyclopedia] and extra virgin olive oil reduce total and LDL cholesterol, reduce trigycerides, and elevate HDL cholesterol, limiting atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and improving endothelial function. Extra virgin olive oil and tomato soup lycopene reduce LDL peroxidation leading to atherosclerosis and consequently elevated hypertension. Two tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil in tomato soup makes antioxidant lycopene more bioavailable. See Silas Hoffman (2013), Novel Support for Chronic Heart Failure, Arrhythmia and Coronary Artery Blockage, Life Extension Magazine, Feb 2013. Cardiovascular problems may be reduced by taking green coffee bean extract at 350 mg before meals to reduce consequent elevated glucose. See William Falloon (2013), Preparing Your Body to Eat, Life Extension Magazine, Feb 2013.

Taurine Reduces Mortality Due to Congestive Heart Failure [Taurine].
"Congestive heart failure responds favorably to taurine therapy." (Life Extension), [36s] (k), [8], [9]. In animal studies, taurine reduced mortality due to heart failure by 80% [Ian Macleavy, 2013, LEF]. Taurine is abundant in fish.

References
[1] William Faloon (2009),
How to Circumvent 17 Independent Heart Attack Risk Factors,
Life Extension Magazine May 2009. [Heart Attack, Papers, Patents, Books, LEF; Fats, Oils].

(1) Excess LDL cholesterol.
___[Arjuna, Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Hawthorn, Niacin, Oats, Pantethine, Pomegranate, Tocotrienols].
(2) Excess cholesterol. [Niacin, Oats, Beta Glucan, Fiber]. Saturated fats produce high total cholesterol.
(3) Low HDL cholesterol. [Arjuna, Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Pomegranate].
(4) Excess glucose. [Glycation, Obesity; Cinnamon, Caloric Restriction, Vitamin B1, Benfotiamine (Onions)].
___Fructose x10 worse glycation.
(5) Excess homocysteine. [Homocysteine Blockers: Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12; Super B-vitamin pills].
(6) Excess C-Reactive Protein [Obesity, Caloric Restriction, Fish Oil, Krill Oil, Vitamin C, Exercise, Testosterone].
(7) Insufficient Vitamin D. [Vitamin D, sources, supplements].
(8) Insufficient Vitamin K. [Vitamin K2 (from natto or hard cheeses, deflects vascular calcification), Vitamin K1].
(9) Elevated Triglycerides (Fats). [Arjuna, Extra Virgin Olive Oil]. High triglycerides produce high total cholesterol.
(10) Low Blood EPA/DHA [Fish Oil]. Fish oil is a platelet aggregation inhibitor.
(11) Low Testosterone [DHEA, Exercise, Fenugreek, Forskolin, Longjack, Pomegranate Seed Oil, Tribulus].
(12) Excess Estrogen (in Men) [Estrogen Protection (DIM), Broccoli, Indole-3-Carbinol, Pomegranate Seed Oil].
(13) Excess Insulin [Lower sugar consumption, Obesity]
(14) Nitric Oxide Deficit [Arginine, Citrulline, Pomegranate] risk factor.
(15) Excess Fibrinogen [Nattokinase, Fish Oil, Vitamin C, Pine bark proanthocyanidins, Bromelain, Garlic].
(16) Hypertension risk factor
____[Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Fish Oil, Magnesium, Taurine, Lipoic Acid, Vitamin D, Melatonin, Cortisol Inhibitors].
(17) Oxidized LDL cholesterol [Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Hawthorn, Lycopene, Pomegranate] risk factor.
(18) Magnesium Deficiency (a cause of sudden death)
____[Leads to hypertension, clots and embolisms: magnesium oxide, tri-magnesium citrate, magnesium supplements].
(19) Iron, typically from beef, aggravates inflammation. Chelate iron.
_____High levels of iron promote oxidation of LDL in damaged endothelial tissues.


[2] William Faloon (2009),
No More Heart Attacks!, Life Extension Magazine May 2009. [Heart Attack].

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[6] Wu J, Ho SC, Zhou C, et al (2009),
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[7] Mukamal KJ, Hallqvist J, Hammar N, et al (2009),
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[11] Averin E (2015),
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[12] Schaffer SW, Ramila KC, Jong CJ, et al (2015),
Does taurine prolong life span by improving heart function?,
Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;803:555-70. [Taurine].

[13] Sagara M, Murakami S, Mizushima S, et al (2015),
Taurine in 24-h urine samples is inversely related to cardiovascular risks of middle aged subjects in 50 populations of the world, Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;803:623-36. [Taurine].

[14] Gao X, Zhang H, Schmidt AM, Zhang C (2008),
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[15] Su J, Lucchesi PA, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, et al (2008),
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___[AGEs, RAGE receptors, Endothelial Dysfuntion, Oxidative Stress, Diabetes].

[16] Stirban A, Negrean M, Gotting C, et al (2008),
Dietary advanced glycation endproducts and oxidative stress: in vivo effects on endothelial function and adipokines,
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[17] Smit AJ, Hartog JW, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ (2008),
Advanced glycation endproducts in chronic heart failure,
Ann NY Acad Sci 2008 Apr;1126:225-30. [AGEs, RAGE receptors, Endothelial Dysfuntion, Oxidative Stress].

[18] Ramasamy R, Yan SF, Herold K, Clynes R, Schmidt AM (2008),
Receptor for advanced glycation end products: fundamental roles in the inflammatory response: winding the way to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis,
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___[AGEs, RAGE receptors, Endothelial Dysfuntion, Atherosclerosis].

[19] William Faloon (2015),
Live Longer By Changing How You Cook!,
Life Extension Magazine August 2015.

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___[Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___Serious adverse consequences can result from a x2 overdose. Sensitive stuff.
___Can dissolve gallstones and atherosclerotic plaque. Natually occurring. See Ursodiol.
___RELATED: LEF search on arterial plaque dissolution produces:
___Serrapeptase 10 mg 90 capsules: Solaray, Item# 28548.(0) Retail Price: $24.99.
_____Serrapeptase [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF]. Silkworm's coccoon dissolving enzyme.
_______Serrapeptase for arterial plaque dissolution [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
_______Serrapeptase: The natural anti-inflammatory, Life Extension Magazine, September 2003.

[36] Nadia Mason (2014),
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" Because of its ability to dissolve fibrin, serrapeptase has also been used to dissolve arterial plaque, fibrous blockages in clogged or hardened arteries. As serrapeptase only dissolves dead or damaged tissue, this could enable the dissolution of harmful atherosclerotic plaques without causing any harm to the inside of the arteries. Studies of serrapeptase supplementation have found positive benefits with a dosage of around 10mg, taken after meals three times daily. No long-term studies of this supplement have yet been conducted, although studies to date suggest that supplementation for a period of 4 weeks seems safe (1,2)."

___Serrapeptase 10 mg 90 capsules: Solaray, Item# 28548.(0) Retail Price: $24.99.
_____Serrapeptase [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF]. Silkworm's coccoon dissolving enzyme.
_______Serrapeptase for arterial plaque dissolution [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
_______Serrapeptase: The natural anti-inflammatory, Life Extension Magazine, September 2003.

[37] Dr. H A Nieper - Germany (),
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"Serapeptase is a stronger saseinolytic (fibrinolytic) agent than any other known alkaline or neutral protease such as bromelain or pronase."
___See Serapeptase as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___Bromelain as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF; Index/Bromelain].
___Pronase as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].

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___Gotu Kola improves the stability of soft atherosclerotic plaque
___by improving the expression of collagen.
___French maritime pine bark extract (150 mg) plus Gotu Kola (225 mg) improves soft plaque stability best.

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__"24% to 40% of hospitalized patients over age 65 are anemic [15]".
__"...Blood deficient individuals have high mortality rates from diseases
__such as heart failure, stroke and cancer."
__"In (heart attack) patients with very low hematocrit (below 24%),
__transfusion was associated with a 64% reduction in mortality. "
__"Aging itself predisposes people to anemia."
__"Stroke was the most common disease associated with anemia."
__"The increased risk of mortality in cancer patients who were anemic was an astounding 65%!"
__"Anemia sharply increases the risk that a heart attack victim will die within 30 days."

Note that aplastic anemia often proceeds from an STD viral infection such as CMV, or other infections such as a candida yeast infection, all of them treatable with garlic.
 

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The anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea and its possible mechanism,
Biull Eksp Biol Med 1993 Aug;116(8):175-6. [Rhodiola Rosea, Anti-Arrhythmia Nutraceuticals].

[77] Eisenberg MS (2005),
History of the Science of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,
In: Ornato JP, Peberdy MA, eds. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:1-9.

[78] Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, et al. (1992),
A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians,
Jama 1992;268(7):877-81. [Homocysteine].

[79] Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. (1997),
Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease,
N Engl J Med 1997;337(4):230-6.

[80] Yeh JK, Chen CC, Hsieh MJ, et al. (2016),
Impact of Homocysteine Level on Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients after Coronary Artery Stenting,
J Atheroscler Thromb 2016.

[81] Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Jensen GB, et al. (2007),
Improving prediction of ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population using apolipoprotein B: the Copenhagen City Heart Study,
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27(3):661-70.
___Apolipoprotein B [Images, Papers, Patents, Books; Measuring Apolipoprotein B (Patents, Books)].
___Apolipoprotein B is a measure of all the cholesterol that is not HDL cholesterol.

[82] Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Moorjani S, et al. (1997),
Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study,
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[82] Wilkins JT, Li RC, Sniderman A, et al. (2016),
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[83] Puri R, Nissen SE, Somaratne R, et al. (2014),
Impact of PCSK9 inhibition on coronary atheroma progression: Rationale and design of Global Assessment of Plaque Regression with a PCSK9 Antibody as Measured by Intravascular Ultrasound (GLAGOV),
Am Heart J 2016;176:83-92.

[84] Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK (2014),
PCSK9 antibodies for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia,
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[85] de Koning L, Malik VS, Kellogg MD, et al. (2012),
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[86] Laakso M, Kuusisto J (2014),
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[87] Despres JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, et al. (1996),
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[88] Gerstein HC, Pais P, Pogue J, et al. (1999),
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[89] Hosszúfalusi N, Pánczél P, Jánoskuti L (1999),
Hyperinsulinemia Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Healthy Middle-Aged Men,
Circulation 1999;100(24):e118-e.

[90] Nadia Mason (2014),
Focus on Serrapeptase [Online],
Discover Nutrition November 1, 2014.

" Because of its ability to dissolve fibrin, serrapeptase has also been used to dissolve arterial plaque, fibrous blockages in clogged or hardened arteries. As serrapeptase only dissolves dead or damaged tissue, this could enable the dissolution of harmful atherosclerotic plaques without causing any harm to the inside of the arteries. Studies of serrapeptase supplementation have found positive benefits with a dosage of around 10mg, taken after meals three times daily. No long-term studies of this supplement have yet been conducted, although studies to date suggest that supplementation for a period of 4 weeks seems safe (1,2)."

___Serrapeptase 10 mg 90 capsules: Solaray, Item# 28548.(0) Retail Price: $24.99.
_____Serrapeptase [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF]. Silkworm's coccoon dissolving enzyme.
_______Serrapeptase for arterial plaque dissolution [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
_______Serrapeptase: The natural anti-inflammatory, Life Extension Magazine, September 2003.
[91] Dr. H A Nieper - Germany (),
Silk Worm Enzymes For Carotid Artery Blockage [OnLine].
"Serapeptase is a stronger saseinolytic (fibrinolytic) agent than any other known alkaline or neutral protease such as bromelain or pronase."
___See Serapeptase as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___Bromelain as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF; Index/Bromelain].
___Pronase as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
[92] Serrapeptase: The natural anti-inflammatory, Life Extension Magazine, September 2003.
Serrapeptase [Fibrolytic Proteases; Links/Serrapeptase, Papers, Patents, Books, LEF; Atherosclerosis].

Jim Green
Jim Green has left an In Memory comment for Leslie Bills.
Jul 09, 2019 at 4:33 PM

Atherosclerosis
[Wikipedia, Links/Atherosclerosis, Images, Video, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension, LibCong; [1], [2];
Links/Foods most likely to produce atherosclerosis, Images, Video, Papers, Patents, Books;
Wikipedia/Atherogenesis, Links, Images, Video, Papers, Patents, Books;
Links/Atherogenic Lipoproteins, Images, Video, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension;
The apolipoprotein B (apo B) blood test [Patents, Books, LEF] [310];
The LDL-P test [Patents, Books, LEF] [310];
Links/Endothelial dysfunction, Images, Video, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension;
The History of Atherosclerosis and Its Treatment, Papers, Patents, Books;
Arginine, Arjuna, Atherosclerotic Plaque; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Tests; Cardiology; Cardiovascular Disease; Cholesterol, CoQ10 and atheroslerosis, CoQ10, Dementia, Endothelial Cells, Endothelial Dysfunction, Endothelial Senescence, Fats, Fibrolytic Proteases, Hawthorn, Heart Attack; Homocysteine, LDL peroxidation, Lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), Lycopene, Macular Degeneration; Nitric Oxide; Oxidative Stress, Serrapeptase, Stroke, Testosterone, Ubiquinol, Vascular Calcification, Vitamin K2].

"Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory process in arterial walls, can lead to formation of plaques, whose rupture can lead to thrombus formation, obstruction of vessels (thrombosis), reduction of the blood flow (ischemia), cell death in the tissue fed by the occluded vessel, and depending on the affected vessel, to myocardial infarction or stroke." [3], More…color="#0066cc">[4]. Atherosclerosis provides the foundation for angina and many a heart attack [96] or stroke. Note that thrombus formation [Papers, Patents] often occurs in varicose veins, often producing thrombophlebitis that is treated with thrombolytic drugs, anticoagulants, and elastic bandage wraps.

Homocysteine
Homocysteine levels are elevated to toxic levels due to synthesis from dietary methionine in red meat and poultry, and are aggravated due to a decline with age in detoxifying methylation. Homocysteine produces oxidant damage to the arterial lining allowing the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, so that homocysteine blockers are primary in atherosclerosis prevention. A homocysteine blocker including B-vitamins vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid with TMG (trimethylglycine), a "super B-vitamin pill", is fundamental in preventing atherosclerosis by supporting detoxifying methylation of homocysteine. Taking v vitamin B12 (found in meat, eggs, and dairy products) from Super B-vitamin pills allows man to avoid meat, taking fish for taurine and avoiding homocysteine problems and Alzheimer's Disease from vitamin B12-deficiency.

Oxidized LDL Cholesterol
LDL peroxidation produces similar damage to the arterial wall leading to the development of atherosclerotic plaque. High blood sugar from diabetes can produce glycoxidation of LDL cholesterol leading to the formation of foam cells that are the hallmark of atherosclerosis [297]. Oxidized LDL is a common cause of arterial occlusion, and is now measurable using available Life Extension blood tests. Oxidized LDL is easily prevented by bowls of tomato soup containing the powerful antioxidant lycopene plus two tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil, which makes lycopene more bioavailable, elevates beneficial HDL cholesterol, lowers LDL cholesterol, and reduces triglycerides. LDL cholesterol is lowered with oats, which contain beta glucan soluble fiber, an active agent in medicinal mushrooms. Pomegranate, a powerful antioxidant, lowers oxidized LDL cholesterol and also elevates HDL cholesterol while lowering LDL cholesterol. Hawthorn and Arjuna also lower the LDL/HDL ratio.

High LDL/HDL ratio
Atherosclerotic plaque also forms less readily when the blood lipid profile features a low LDL/HDL ratio of low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein, a typical result of regular exercise and a suitably low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Flax seed lignans reduce atherosclerosis and lower Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), improving overall cariovascular protection. (Dale Kiefer, LifeExtension/Lignans, April 2010, p.86.) See Links/Drug and Nutraceutical treatment of atherosclerosis and LifeExtension/Endothelial Defense. Atherosclerosis is due to atherosclerotic plaque, which tends to accumulate when the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio is too high and/or when homocysteine is too elevated.

Calcification of Atherosclerotic Plaque
Furthermore, the atherosclerotic plaque tends to to calcify when vitamin K2 and vitamin D are too low. See Vascular Calcification and Systemic Calcification, which can also be reduced using a calcium supplement that prevents systemic calcium deposits originating from bone degeneration. Calcification may also be associated with bone cells growing in the vascular endothelium as bone breaks down from low vitamin K2, low vitamin D, and low calcium.

C-reactive Protein
High C-reactive protein levels in the blood producing chronic inflammation is another cause of atherosclerosis [46], [47], [48], [49]. Elevated C-reactive protein may be a greater risk factor than high cholesterol in predicting heart attack and stroke risk [46], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54]. Obesity produces stubbornly elevated C-reactive protein levels [55].

Cigarrette Smoking
Smoking cigarrettes can induce atherosclerosis that can sometimes be prevented with vitamin C [64], [65].

Artichoke Leaf Extract and Pantethine [16]
Pantethine (pantothenic acid) at 600-900 mg/day helps lower LDL cholesterol levels and levels of the LDL carrier protein, the apolipoprotein apoB. Lutein from artichoke leaf extract at 1800 mg/day helps prevent LDL peroxidation and elevates HDL levels "enough to confer meaningful removal of excess cholesterol buildup on the arterial wall via reverse cholesterol transport" [16], which statin drugs do not do. (See foods containing lutein [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension]. Green vegetables such as kale, spinach, turnip greens, collard greens, romaine lettuce, broccoli, zucchini, garden peas and Brussel sprouts are the finest sources of lutein.) Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro [25]. Arichoke leaf extract elevates levels of HDL carrier protein apoA. Peroxidized LDL damages arterial walls to promote atherosclerotic plaque formation, somewhat as homocysteine does. Higher HDL levels remove cholesterol deposits from arterial walls, preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Higher LDL levels tend to transport damaging peroxidized LDL to the arterial wall, while higher HDL levels transport damaging cholesterol away from the arterial wall.

Milk Thistle and Silymarin
Milk thistle [Images] inhibits LDL oxidation and the consequent binding of monocytes to vascular walls and is useful in treating athersclerosis by inhibiting the formation of atherosclerotic plaque [5]. Note that milk thistle is anticancer and contains silibinin and silymarin, which are telomerase inhibitors for cancer cells. Silymarin behaves as a telomerase activator for normal cells, probably from an antioxidant effect confining hTERT to the nucleus due to its property of boosting glutathione.

Taurine
Taurine, which is abundant in fish, is also useful in inhibiting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [6].

Pomegranate
Pomegranate has the ability to "reverse clinical measurements of systemic atherosclerosis (in both carotid and coronary arteries)." [7]. It has been shown that pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases [36].

Olive Oil
Extra virgin olive oil [69] increases HDL cholesterol and reduces LDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL, and triglycerides to prevent atherosclerosis. Extra virgin olive oil makes lycopene from tomato sauce more bioavailable.

Lycopene
Lycopene, an antioxidant, is superior for decreasing blood lipid levels, application to oxidized LDL [Encyclopedia], and inflammation. Lycopene slows the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque by scavenging the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid associated with atherosclerosis.

Garlic
Garlic suppresses atherosclerosis [Patents, Books, LifeExtension] [59], [60], [61], suppressing the initial fatty streaks in the vascular endothelium that begin an atherosclerotic lesion.

Vitamin C
Vitamin C suppresses cigarette smoke induced atherosclerosis [64], [65].

Lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension, Wikipedia].
High levels indicate that the patient has inflamed atherosclerotic plaques in which LDL oxidation is taking place. Omega-3 fatty acids and niacin may help in lowering levels of lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), and curcumin may inhibit its formation. See Life Extension's Endothelial Defense [Links, Video, Papers, Patents, Books], with cocoa, pomegranate, and GliSODin. See also LDL peroxidation and curcumin.

Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene protects vascular endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis [Patents, Books, LEF] in vitro and in vivo [289].


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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 Sep 30;100(20):11201-6. [Vascular Calcification].

[73] Lembo G, Vecchione C, Morisco C, et al (1995),
Arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis: their epidemiology and physiopathology,
Ann Ital Med Int 1995 Oct;10 Suppl:69S-72S.

[74] Ferri C, Croce G, Cofini V, et al (2007),
C-reactive protein: interaction with the vascular endothelium and possible role in human atherosclerosis,
Curr Pharm Des 2007;13(16):1631-45.

[75] Martins e Silva, Saldanha C (2007),
Diet, atherosclerosis and atherothrombotic events,
Rev Port Cardiol 2007 Mar;26(3):277-94.

[76] Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Sumi D, de NF, Napoli C (2006),
Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances the biological actions of nitric oxide,
Nitric Oxide 2006 Sep;15(2):93-102.

[77] Ignarro LJ, Napoli C (2006),
Novel features of nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and atherosclerosis,
Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004 Jul;6(4):281-7.

[78] de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Botti C, et al (2006),
Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells, Nitric Oxide 2006 Nov;15(3):259-63. [Pomegranate].

[79] de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Sica V, et al (2007),
Effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidationsensitive genes and eNOS activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis, Cardiovasc Res 2007 Jan 15;73(2):414-23. [Pomegranate].

[80] de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Lerman LO, et al (2005),
Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 Mar 29;102(13):4896-901. [Pomegranate].

[81] Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al (2004),
Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation, Clin Nutr 2004 Jun;23(3):423-33. [Pomegranate].

[82] Tuttle D (2005),
Pomegranate reverses atherosclerosis and slows the progression of prostate cancer,
Life Extension Magazine Feb 2007; 13(2):72-7. [Pomegranate, Prostate Cancer].

[83] Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F, et al (2013),
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression,
Heart Lung Circ 2013;22(6):399-411.

[84] Belcaro G, Dugall M, Ippolito E, et al (2015),
Pycnogenol and Centella Asiatica for preventing asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression into clinical events,
Minerva Cardioangiol 2015 Oct 27.

[85] Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al (2007),
Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis,
Circulation 2007;115(4):459-67.

[86] Thompson, Randall C et al,
Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: the Horus study of four ancient populations,
The Lancet, Volume 381, Issue 9873, 1211 - 1222.

[87] D’Andrea G (2010),
Pycnogenol: a blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications?,
Fitoterapia 2010;81(7):724-36.

[88] Rohdewald P (2002),
A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology,
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;40(4):158-68.

[89] Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hosoi M, et al (2014),
Pycnogenol and Centella Asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression,
Int Angiol 2014;33(1):20-6.

[90] Luo H, Wang J, Qiao C, et al (2015),
Pycnogenol attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid maetabolism through the TLR4-NF-kappaB pathway,
Exp Mol Med 2015;47:e191.

[91] Gu JQ, Ikuyama S, Wei P, et al (2008),
Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages,
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;295(6):E1390-400.

[92] Badimon L, Hernandez Vera R, Vilahur G (2013),
Atherothrombotic risk in obesity,
Hamostaseologie 15. 2013;33(4):259-68.

[93] Chistiakov DA, Revin VV, Sobenin IA, et al (2015),
Vascular endothelium: functioning in norm, changes in atherosclerosis and current dietary approaches to improve endothelial function,
Mini Rev Med Chem 2015;15(4):338-50.

[94] Fitzpatrick DF, Bing B, Rohdewald P (1998),
Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Pycnogenol,
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;32(4):509-15.

[95] Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, et al (2014),
Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture,
Circ Res 2014;114(12):1852-66.

[96] William Faloon (2009),
How to Circumvent 17 Independent Heart Attack Risk Factors,
Life Extension Magazine May 2009. [Heart Attack, Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].

(1) Excess LDL cholesterol. [Arjuna, Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Hawthorn, Niacin, Pantethine, Pomegranate, Tocotrienols].
(2) Excess cholesterol. [Niacin, Oats, Beta Glucan, Fiber].
(3) Low HDL cholesterol. [Arjuna, Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Pomegranate].
(4) Excess glucose. [Glycation, Obesity; Cinnamon, Caloric Restriction, Vitamin B1, Benfotiamine (Onions)].
___Fructose x10 worse glycation.
(5) Excess homocysteine. [Homocysteine Blockers: Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12; Super B-vitamin pills].
(6) Excess C-Reactive Protein [Obesity, Caloric Restriction, Fish Oil, Krill Oil, Vitamin C, Exercise, Testosterone].
(7) Insufficient Vitamin D. [Vitamin D, sources, supplements].
(8) Insufficient Vitamin K. [Vitamin K2 (from natto or hard cheeses, deflects vascular calcification), Vitamin K1].
(9) Elevated Triglycerides (Fats). [Arjuna, Extra Virgin Olive Oil].
(10) Low Blood EPA/DHA [Fish Oil].
(11) Low Testosterone [DHEA, Exercise, Fenugreek, Forskolin, Longjack, Pomegranate Seed Oil, Tribulus].
(12) Excess Estrogen (in Men) [Estrogen Protection (DIM), Broccoli, Indole-3-Carbinol, Pomegranate Seed Oil].
(13) Excess Insulin [Lower sugar consumption, Obesity]
(14) Nitric Oxide Deficit [Arginine, Citrulline, Pomegranate] risk factor.
(15) Excess Fibrinogen [Nattokinase, Fish Oil, Vitamin C, Pine bark proanthocyanidins, Bromelain, Garlic].
(16) Hypertension risk factor
____[Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Fish Oil, Magnesium, Taurine, Lipoic Acid, Vitamin D, Melatonin, Cortisol Inhibitors].
(17) Oxidized LDL cholesterol [Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Hawthorn, Lycopene, Pomegranate] risk factor.
(18) Magnesium Deficiency (a cause of sudden death)
____[Leads to hypertension, clots and embolisms: magnesium oxide, tri-magnesium citrate, magnesium supplements].
(19) High Iron. [Metal Ions, Metal Ion Chelation, Fenton Reaction, Cooking, Nutritional Sources: Beef].
Most vascular risk factors for atherosclerosis, heart attack, and angina are also risk factors for stroke.


[97] Roger Alvarez (2016),
Slow the Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaque,
Life Extension Magazine February 2016.

[98] Thompson, Randall C et al.
Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: the Horus study of four ancient populations,
The Lancet, Vol 381, Issue 9873, 1211 - 1222.
__[The History of Atherosclerosis and Its Treatment, Papers, Patents, Books].

[99] Leskinen MJ, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA (2003),
Regulation of smooth muscle cell growth, function and death in vitro by activated mast cells — a potential mechanism for the weakening and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques,
Biochem Pharmacol 2003;66(8):1493-8.
___[Activated Mast Cells, Activated Mast Cells in Atherosclerosis].

[100] Cheruvu PK, Finn AV, Gardner C, et al (2007),
Frequency and distribution of thin-cap fibroatheroma and ruptured plaques in human coronary arteries: a pathologic study,
J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50(10):940-9.
___[Thin-cap Fibroatheroma, Thin-cap Fibroatheroma and Ruptured Plaques].

[101] James JT, Dubery IA (2009),
Pentacyclic triterpenoids from the medicinal herb, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban,
Molecules 2009;14(10):3922-41.
___[Medicinal triterpenoids from Centalla Asiatica].

[102] Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Cacchio M, et al (2001),
Total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in chronic venous insufficiency and in high-perfusion microangiopathy,
Angiology 2001;52 Suppl 2:S9-13.
___[Centella Asiatica, Centalla Asiastica Supplements, Centella Asiatic and Treatment of Venous Insufficiency].

[103] Ivanov V, Ivanova S, Kalinovsky T, et al (2008),
Plant-derived micronutrients suppress monocyte adhesion to cultured human aortic endothelial cell layer by modulating its extracellular matrix composition,
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008;52(1):55-65.
____[Nutraceuticals suppressing monocyte adhesion to arterial walls, Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].

[104] Incandela L, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, et al (2001),
Modification of the echogenicity of femoral plaques after treatment with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial,
Angiology 2001;52 Suppl 2:S69-73.

[105] Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, et al (2001),
Increase in echogenicity of echolucent carotid plaques after treatment with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized trial,
Angiology 2001;52 Suppl 2:S19-25.

[106] Belcaro G, Maquart FX, Scoccianti M, et al (2011),
TECA (Titrated Extract of Centella Asiatica): new microcirculatory, biomolecular, and vascular application in preventive and clinical medicine. A status paper,
Panminerva Med 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):105-18.

[107] D’Andrea G (2010),
Pycnogenol: a blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications?,
Fitoterapia 2010;81(7):724-36.

[108] Rohdewald P (2002),
A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology,
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;40(4):158-68.

[109] Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hosoi M, et al (2014),
Pycnogenol and Centella Asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression,
Int Angiol 2014;33(1):20-6.

[110] Luo H, Wang J, Qiao C, et al (2015),
Pycnogenol attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid maetabolism through the TLR4-NF-kappaB pathway,
Exp Mol Med 2015;47:e191.

[111] Gu JQ, Ikuyama S, Wei P, et al (2008),
Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages,
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;295(6):E1390-400.

[112] Chistiakov DA, Revin VV, Sobenin IA, et al (2015),
Vascular endothelium: functioning in norm, changes in atherosclerosis and current dietary approaches to improve endothelial function,
Mini Rev Med Chem 2015;15(4):338-50.

[113] Fitzpatrick DF, Bing B, Rohdewald P (1998),
Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Pycnogenol,
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;32(4):509-15.

[114] Enseleit F, Sudano I, Periat D, et al (2012),
Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study,
Eur Heart J 2012;33(13):1589-97.

[115] Hu S, Belcaro G, Cornelli U, et al (2015),
Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial dysfunction in borderline hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and hyperglycemic individuals: the borderline study,
Int Angiol 2015;34(1):43-52.

[116] Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, et al (2014),
Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture,
Circ Res 2014;114(12):1852-66.

[117] Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F, et al (2013),
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression,
Heart Lung Circ 2013;22(6):399-411.

[118] Belcaro G, Dugall M, Ippolito E, et al (2015),
Pycnogenol and Centella Asiatica for preventing asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression into clinical events,
Minerva Cardioangiol 2015 Oct 27.

[119] Belcaro G, Ippolito E, Dugall M, et al (2015),
Pycnogenol and Centella asiatica in the management of asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression,
Int Angiol 2015;34(2):150-7.

[120] Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al (2007),
Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis,
Circulation 2007;115(4):459-67.

[121] Scott Fogle, ND (2016),
The Most Important Blood Tests Available for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk,
Life Extension Magazine May 2016, Ask the Doctor.

Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension];
Blood Tests [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension];
Blood Tests for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension];
Nutraceuticals for LDL particle size control [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension];
Techniques for LDL particle size control [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension];

It is useful to know the number of LDL particles circulating in the blood [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension]. A higher amount of smaller LDL particles is much more dangerous than a smaller amount of larger LDL particles. See small dense LDL versus large buoyant LDL [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension]. Small dense LDL cholesterol more easily penetrates the blood vessel wall and starts the process of plaque formation. We have new blood testing technology for both particle count and the size of LDL particles [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension]. "The best result you can get is a low particle count combined with large buoyant LDL. The worst result is a high particle count with small dense LDL, which is a very bad combination."

The NMR LipoProfile Test [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension] produces this information using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for LDL testing [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension] to directly measure particle count and size. "You want a low LDL-P (low LDL particle count), low small LDL-P (low small LDL particle count), and low LP-IR Score (low insulin resistance score) combined with a high HDL-P (high HDL particle count) and large LDL size for the lowest cardiovascular risk."

Other kinds of blood testing are desirable, including:
__Oxidized LDL testing [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension].
__F2-Isoprostanes urine testing [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension].
__MPO (myeloperoxidase) testing [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension].
__MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) gene testing [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension].
____Deals with methylation, folate metabolism, and homocysteine levels.
__COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) testing [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension].
____Looks at how specific neurotransmitters are metabolized [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books].
__Arachidonic_Acid/EPA ratio test [Links, Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension].
___When the Arachidonic_Acid/EPA ratio is higher, there is preferred incorporation of AA into membranes over EPA,
___producing a pro-inflammatory environment. The optimal ratio of AA: EPA is around 1.7.


[122] Filiberto Zadini, Giorgio Zadini, Original Assignee: Atheranova Operations, Inc. (2013),
Dissolution of arterial plaque US 20130029946 A1,
___[Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___Serious adverse consequences can result from a x2 overdose. Sensitive stuff.
___Can dissolve gallstones and atherosclerotic plaque. Natually occurring. See Ursodiol.
___RELATED: LEF search on arterial plaque dissolution produces:
___Serrapeptase 10 mg 90 capsules: Solaray, Item# 28548.(0) Retail Price: $24.99.
_____Serrapeptase [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF]. Silkworm's coccoon dissolving enzyme.
_______Serrapeptase for arterial plaque dissolution [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
_______Serrapeptase: The natural anti-inflammatory, Life Extension Magazine, September 2003.

[123] Nadia Mason (2014),
Focus on Serrapeptase [Online],
Discover Nutrition November 1, 2014.

" Because of its ability to dissolve fibrin, serrapeptase has also been used to dissolve arterial plaque, fibrous blockages in clogged or hardened arteries. As serrapeptase only dissolves dead or damaged tissue, this could enable the dissolution of harmful atherosclerotic plaques without causing any harm to the inside of the arteries. Studies of serrapeptase supplementation have found positive benefits with a dosage of around 10mg, taken after meals three times daily. No long-term studies of this supplement have yet been conducted, although studies to date suggest that supplementation for a period of 4 weeks seems safe (1,2)."

___Serrapeptase 10 mg 90 capsules: Solaray, Item# 28548.(0) Retail Price: $24.99.
_____Serrapeptase [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF]. Silkworm's coccoon dissolving enzyme.
_______Serrapeptase for arterial plaque dissolution [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
_______Serrapeptase: The natural anti-inflammatory, Life Extension Magazine, September 2003.

[124] Dr. H A Nieper - Germany (),
Silk Worm Enzymes For Carotid Artery Blockage [OnLine].
"Serapeptase is a stronger saseinolytic (fibrinolytic) agent than any other known alkaline or neutral protease such as bromelain or pronase."
___See Serapeptase as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].
___Bromelain as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF; Index/Bromelain].
___Pronase as a fibrinolytic agent [Papers, Patents, Books, LEF].

[125] George E. Felton (1980),
Fibrinolytic and antithrombotic action of bromelain may eliminate thrombosis in heart patients [Online],
Medical Hypotheses Volume 6, Issue 11, November 1980, Pages 1123-1133.

"Bromelain plasminogen activator will produce plasmin in rat experiments... Since bromelain therapy leads to formation of platelets with increased resistance to aggregation, it is obvious that the dominant endogenous prostaglandins being produced must be from the group that increases platelet cyclic AMP levels (prostacyclin, PGE1, etc.). The combination of fibrinolytic and antithrombic properties appear to be effective and two large scale tests on heart patients have shown a practically complete elimination of thrombosis."


[126] Pierro Francesco Di (2014),
Fibrinolytic compositions comprising bromelain and nattokinase for the prevention and treatment of phlebothrombotic states, WO 2014079689 A1, May 30, 2014.

[127] William Faloon (2015),
Live Longer By Changing How You Cook!,
Life Extension Magazine August 2015. [AGEs, Carcinogens].
[128] Hansson GK, Robertson AK, Soderberg-Naucler C (2006),
Inflammation and atherosclerosis,
Annu Rev Pathol 2006;1:297-329. [Inflammation].

[129] Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A (2002),
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis,
Circulation 2002;105(9):1135-43. [Inflammation].

[129] Covas MI, Nyyssonen K, Poulsen HE, et al. (2006),
The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial,
Ann Intern Med 2006;145(5):333-41.

[130] Covas MI (2007),
Olive oil and the cardiovascular system,
Pharmacol Res 34. 2007;55(3):175-86.

[131] Bendinelli B, Masala G, Saieva C, et al. (2011),
Fruit, vegetables, and olive oil and risk of coronary heart disease in Italian women: the EPICOR Study,
Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93(2):275-83.

[132] Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, et al. (2013),
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet,
N Engl J Med 2013;368(14):1279-90.

[133] Dimitriou M, Rallidis LS, Theodoraki EV, et al. (2016),
Exclusive olive oil consumption has a protective effect on coronary artery disease; overview of the THISEAS study,
Public Health Nutr 2016;19(6):1081-7.

[134] Qureshi AA, Sami SA, Salser WA, et al. (2002),
Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans,
Atherosclerosis 2002;161(1):199-207. [Tocotrienols].

[135] Tan DT, Khor H, Low W, et al. (1991),
Effect of a palm-oil-vitamin E concentrate on the serum and lipoprotein lipids in humans,
The American journal of clinical nutrition 1991;53(4):1027S-30S. [Tocotrienols].

[136] Baliarsingh S, Beg ZH, Ahmad J (-),
The therapeutic impacts of tocotrienols in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia,
Atherosclerosis 182(2):367-74.

[137] Qureshi AA, Bradlow BA, Brace L, et al. (1995),
Response of hypercholesterolemic subjects to administration of tocotrienols,
Lipids 1995;30(12):1171-7.

[138] Mendelsohn Andrew R. and Larrick James W. (2015),
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ? Co-Activator-1a Cooperate to Protect Cells from DNA Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Vascular Senescence [Abstract PDF],
Rejuvenation Research October 2015, 18(5): 479-483.

"Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) stimulated expression of PGC-1a and TERT and reversed DNA damage, vascular senescence, and atherosclerosis, similarly to ectopic expression of PGC-1a. ALA stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, which in turn activated the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a co-factor for PGC-1a expression. The possibility that ALA might induce TERT to extend telomeres in human cells suggests that ALA may be useful in treating atherosclerosis and other aging-related diseases."


[139] Singh RB, Mengi SA, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Dhalla NS (2002),
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A multifactorial process,
Exp Clin Cardiol 2002 Spring;7(1):40-53.

[140] William Faloon (2007),
A Lethal Misconception of Epidemic Proportion,
Life Extension Magazine May 2007. William Faloon on homocysteine and heart disease.

"Mainstream medicine is fixated on the misconception that atherosclerosis is caused by excess levels of “lipids” in the blood. Lipids are usually defined as total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and triglycerides.... What doctors fail to understand is that atherosclerosis begins when the inner arterial wall (the endothelium) sustains an injury [142]."

This is typically from oxidants such as homocysteine or oxidized LDL cholesterol (oxidized by homocysteine).
In the text Faloon lists:

(1) High blood pressure, 4-10
(2) excess cholesterol-LDL-triglycerides, 11-20
(3) low HDL, 21-23
(4) cigarette smoking, 24-32
(5) diabetes, 33-38
(6) obesity, 39-42
(7) lack of exercise 43-49
(8) high-normal levels of glucose, 50-52
(9) insulin, 53,54
(10) iron, 55-57
(11) homocysteine, 58-84
(12) fibrinogen, 85-98
(13) low free testosterone (in men), 99-102
(14) levels of C-reactive protein that is higher than optimal. 103-125. See [96].

"In my early career, I performed over 300 postmortem arterial dissections [Images, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension]. In aged cadavers, I often found arteries that were so occluded that it was virtually impossible to insert a small catheter (tube) into them. My experience provided a vivid image of the jagged structural devastation inflicted by atherosclerosis."

For the 17 daggers aimed at your arterial wall that damage the vascular endothelium, see [96].

[141] 1. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. (2006),
Heart disease and stroke statistics—2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee,
Circulation 2006 Feb 14;113(6):e85-e151. [Heart Disease Statistics, Stroke Statistics]

[142] 2. Friedman RJ, Moore S, Singal DP (1975),
Repeated endothelial injury and induction of atherosclerosis in normolipemic rabbits by human serum,
Lab Invest 1975 Mar;32(3):404-15. [Sources of Endothelial Injury].

(4-10) Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction

[143] 4. Chang HJ, Chung J, Choi SY, et al. (2004),
Endothelial dysfunction in patients with exaggerated blood pressure response during treadmill test,
Clin Cardiol 2004 Jul;27(7):421-25. [Endothelial Dysfunction, Hypertension].

[144] 5. Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M (2004),
Exercise and endothelial function: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients,
Pharmacol Ther 2004 Apr;102(1):87-96.
___[Exercise, Endothelial Dysfunction, Hypertension, Nitric Oxide, Endothelium-derived Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress].

[145] 6. Rodriguez-Porcel M, Lerman LO, Herrmann J, et al. (2003),
Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension have synergistic deleterious effects on coronary endothelial function,
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 May 1;23(5):885-91.
___[Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Coronary Endothelial Function].

[146] 7. Tu L, Wei W, Liu X, Deng Y, Yu S (1999),
Endothelial function and carotid artery wall thickening in patients with early essential hypertension,
J Tongji Med Univ 1999;19(4):288-90, 303. [Carotid Artery Wall Thickening, Hypertension].

[147] 8. Sutton-Tyrrell K, Bostom A, Selhub J, Zeigler-Johnson C (1997),
High homocysteine levels are independently related to isolated systolic hypertension in older adults,
Circulation 1997 Sep 16;96(6):1745-9. [Homocysteine, Hypertension, Systolic Hypertension].

[148] 9. Puddu P, Puddu GM, Zaca F, Muscari A (2000),
Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension,
Acta Cardiol 2000 Aug;55(4):221-32. [Endothelial Dysfunction, Hypertension].

[149] 10. Bolad I, Delafontaine P (2005),
Endothelial dysfunction: its role in hypertensive coronary disease,
Curr Opin Cardiol 2005 Jul;20(4):270-4. [Endothelial Dysfunction, Hypertension, Hypertensive Coronary Disease].

(11-20) excess cholesterol-LDL-triglycerides

[150] 11. Maggi FM, Raselli S, Grigore L, et al. (2004),
Lipoprotein remnants and endothelial dysfunction in the postprandial phase,
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Jun;89(6):2946-50.
__[Postprandial lipoprotein remnants, Endothelial Dysfunction, Postprandial endothelial dysfunction].

[151] 12. Laaksonen R, Janatuinen T, Vesalainen R, et al. (2002),
High oxidized LDL and elevated plasma homocysteine contribute to the early reduction of myocardial flow reserve in healthy adults,
Eur J Clin Invest 2002 Nov;32(11):795-802.
___[LDL Peroxidation, Homocysteine, Plasma Homocysteine, Myocardial Flow Reserve].

[152] 13. Dardik R, Varon D, Tamarin I, et al. (2000),
Homocysteine and oxidized low density lipoprotein enhanced platelet adhesion to endothelial cells under flow conditions: distinct mechanisms of thrombogenic modulation,
Thromb Haemost 2000 Feb;83(2):338-44.

[153] 14. Voutilainen S, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ, et al. (1999),
Enhanced in vivo lipid peroxidation at elevated plasma total homocysteine levels,
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999 May;19(5):1263-6.

[154] 15. De Caterina R, Lenzi S (1998),
The role of LDL in the origin and progression of atherosclerosis: pathobiological concepts on the origin and development of atherosclerotic lesions and the role of the endothelium,
G Ital Cardiol 1998 Feb;28(2):158-67.

[155] 16. Drexel H, Amann FW, Beran J, et al. (1994),
Plasma triglycerides and three lipoprotein cholesterol fractions are independent predictors of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis,
Circulation 1994 Nov;90(5):2230-5.

[156] 17. Sharrett AR, Patsch W, Sorlie PD, et al. (1994),
Associations of lipoprotein cholesterols, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and triglycerides with carotid atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
Arterioscler Thromb 1994 Jul;14(7):1098-104.

[157] 18. Vasques E, Almeida AL, Noya V, et al. (2006),
Impairment of endothelium-dependent aorta relaxation by phospholipid components of oxidized low-density lipoprotein,
Endothelium 2006 Jan;13(1):1-8.

[158] 19. Badimon L, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Llorente-Cortes V, Rodriguez C, Padro T (2006),
Cell biology and lipoproteins in atherosclerosis,
Curr Mol Med 2006 Aug;6(5):439-56.

[159] 20. Vakkilainen J, Makimattila S, Seppala-Lindroos A, et al. (2000),
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(21-23) low HDL

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(24-32) Smoking and Atherosclerois

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[171] 32. O’Callaghan P, Meleady R, Fitzgerald T, Graham I (2002),
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(33-38) diabetes

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[175] 36. Najemnik C, Sinzinger H, Kritz H (1999),
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[176] 37. Hink U, Tsilimingas N, Wendt M, Munzel T (2003),
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[177] 38. Panus C, Mota M, Vladu D, Vanghelie L, Raducanu CL (2003),
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(39-42) obesity

[178] 39. Bakker SJ, IJzerman RG, Teerlink T, et al. (2000),
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[179] 40. Yu YR, Li HL, Yu HL, Wang C, Pu S (2003),
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(43-49) lack of exercise

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Am J Cardiol 2004 Mar 1;93(5):617-20.

[183] 44. Mitu F, Mitu M (2003),
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J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 Sep 15;44(6):1320-7.

[188] 49. Superko HR (1995),
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(50-52) high-normal levels of glucose

[189] 50. Ceriello A (2004),
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Am Heart J 2004 May;147(5):803-7.

[190] 51. Thomas GN, Chook P, Qiao M, et al. (2004),
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[191] 52. Stochmal E, Szurkowska M, Czarnecka D, et al. (2005),
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(53-54) insulin

[192] 53. Muis MJ, Bots ML, Bilo HJ, et al. (2005),
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Atherosclerosis 2005 Jul;181(1):185-92.

[193] 54. Yki-Jarvinen H (2003),
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Clin Cornerstone 2003;Suppl 4S6-12.

(55-57) Iron and Atherosclerosis

[194] 55. Howes PS, Zacharski LR, Sullivan J, Chow B (2000),
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J Vasc Nurs 2000 Dec;18(4):109-14. [Metal Ions].

[195] 56. de VB, Marx JJ (1999),
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Arch Intern Med 1999 Jul 26;159(14):1542-8. [Metal Ions].

[196] 57. Chau LY (2000),
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Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B 2000 Oct;24(4):151-5. [Metal Ions].

(58-84) homocysteine and atherosclerosis

[197] 58. Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ, et al. (1998),
Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a population-based study,
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[198] 59. Sainani GS, Sainani R (2002),
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[199] 60. Zeng XK, Guan YF, Remick DG, Wang X (2005),
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Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005 Jan;26(1):85-91.

[200] 61. Zeng XK, Remick DG, Wang X (2004),
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Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004 Nov;25(11):1419-25.

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Brain 2004 Jan;127(Pt 1):212-9.

[202] 63. Devlin AM, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, et al. (2004),
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Blood 2004 Apr 1;103(7):2624-9.

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Increased superoxide production in coronary arteries in hyperhomocysteinemia: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, NAD(P)H oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase,
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[204] 65. Loscalzo J (2003),
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[205] 66. Symons JD, Mullick AE, Ensunsa JL, Ma AA, Rutledge JC (2002),
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[206] 67. Eberhardt RT, Forgione MA, Cap A, et al. (2000),
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J Clin Invest 2000 Aug;106(4):483-91.

[207] 68. Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGovern PG, et al. (1998),
Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study,
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[208] 69. Woo KS, Chook P, Lolin YI, et al. (1997),
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Circulation 1997 Oct 21;96(8):2542-4.

[209] 70. Bots ML, Launer LJ, Lindemans J, Hofman A, Grobbee DE (1997),
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[211] 72. Lentz SR, Sobey CG, Piegors DJ, et al. (1996),
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[214] 75. Berwanger CS, Jeremy JY, Stansby G (1995),
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[217] 78. Harker LA, Harlan JM, Ross R (1983),
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[218] 79. Wall RT, Rubenstein MD, Cooper SL (1981),
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[219] 80. Rasouli ML, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS, et al. (2005),
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[220] 81. Anon (2002),
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JAMA 2002 Oct 23;288(16):2015-22.

[221] 82. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE (1998),
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JAMA 1999 Jun 9;281(22):2113-8.

(85-98) Fibrinogen and atherosclerosis

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[225] 86. Coppola G, Rizzo M, Abrignani MG, et al. (2005),
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[227] 88. Acevedo M, Foody JM, Pearce GL, Sprecher DL (2002),
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Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999 Jun;19(6):1368-77.

[231] 92. Ma J, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ (1999),
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Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999 Feb;10 Suppl 1S41-3.

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Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group,
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[235] 96. Levenson J, Giral P, Megnien JL, et al. (1997),
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[236] 97. Koenig W (2003),
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(99-102) low free testosterone (in men)

[238] 99. Channer KS, Jones TH (2003),
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Heart 2003 Feb;89(2):121-2.

[239] 100. English KM, Mandour O, Steeds RP, et al. (2000),
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Eur Heart J 2000 Jun;21(11):890-4.

[240] 101. Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Jones RD, Jones TH, Channer KS (2003),
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[241] 102. Jones RD, Nettleship JE, Kapoor D, Jones HT, Channer KS (2005),
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(103-125) levels of C-reactive protein that are higher than optimal

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Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease,
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[244] 105. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR (2002),
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[246] 107. Bermudez EA, Ridker PM (2002),
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[247] 108. Virmani R, Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Farb A (2002),
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[248] 109. Rifai N, Ridker PM (2002),
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[251] 112. Di Napoli M, Papa F, Bocola V (2001),
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[252] 113. Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N (2001),
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[253] 114. Rifai N (2001),
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[259] 120. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH (1998),
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___Gotu Kola improves the stability of soft atherosclerotic plaque
___by improving the expression of collagen.
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"Perhaps no other nutrient has demonstrated better anti-LDL oxidation effects than pomegranate. In a clinical study, human subjects taking pomegranate showed a beneficial 35% reduction in carotid intima-media thickness accompanied by a 45% improvement in carotid blood flow. As evidenced by the chart above, pomegranate improved markers related to LDL oxidation by up to 130%!" [6]. [LDL peroxidation, Pomegranate].


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Links/Atherogenic Lipoproteins, Images, Video, Papers, Patents, Books, LifeExtension;

The apolipoprotein B (apo B) blood test [Patents, Books, LEF] measures the number of potentially dangerous particles that can lead to atherosclerois [Patents, Books, LEF]. A second test, the LDL-P test [Patents, Books, LEF], can also be used since it measures the total number of LDL particles [Patents, Books, LEF].